Helicopter-dual tachometer system training device



Sept. 26, 1961 w. o. PACKER ETAL HELICOPTER-DUAL TACHOMETER SYSTEM TRAINING DEVICE Filed May 11, 1960 7 Sheets-Sheet 1 AIR-SPEED THROTTLE 'fgz' V5 EFFECT CIRCUIT E M M ENG INE UNDER E-b MCHOMETER i-E- SPED AUTO-R0 TATION FOLLOW UP MO TOR EFFECT I8 20 LEGEND ROTOR E- ELECTRICAL M-MEcHAmcAL. E CLUTCH uv mcuoms'rsn s CAM FOLLOW-UP Mo'ro/a -za I ENGINE 120 T012 74 CHOME 'rsn SYNCHRONIZATION -E+ 'rncuomz-z 151a INDICATOR INDICATOR 32 L I O I:-

/CONTROL I q- ,2 l 46 MICROPOSI "r; ONEE INDICATOR FOLLOW- 5G r v uov 3 L j INVENTORS SHADE!) -POLE MO TOR WILL/0M O. PACKER BYCHARLES w. Menu:

ICOPTER-DUAL TACHOMETER SYSTEM TRAINING DEVICE Filed May 11, 1960 Sept. 26, 1961 w. o. PACKER ET AL HEL '7 Sheets-Sheet 4 I200 RPM CLUTCHI OUT RELAY m. Ll cc CLO-S INVENTORJ ENGINE FOL LOW'UP M OTOR W H C T M C w W V 1 MW m 1 T m I] r 5 M m B mm E F@ EC R K 1 7 nn PM 6 QM s mm d M c Sept. 26, 1961 w, o, PACKER ETAL 3,091,299

HELICOPTER-DUAL TACHOMETER SYSTEM TRAINING DEVICE Filed May 11, 1960 7 Sheets-Sheet 5 2544) F044,: Mr 91' coMPu-IT/w/ 0F START cm:

GROUND AL Tl 'i'UDE REL AY INVENTORS WILL/AM O. PACKER v Trl-q E d BYCHARLES YV- MCKEE I [WC/Q Sept. 26, 1961 w, o, PACKER ET AL 3,001,299

HELICOPTER-DUAL TACHOMETER SYSTEM TRAINING DEVICE 'Filed May 11, 1960 7 Sheets-Sheet e SOUND SIMULATOR ENGINE 751.5 TORQUE A TRANSM/ T'TL'R 1 ROTOR TELE TORQUE TBA/ SM I TTEB INVENTORS v 4 W/LL/AM'O. PAGKE/Z F [3 E 6 CHARLES M. McKEE {Wu A I A TOZNEZYS.

Sept. 26, 1961 Filed May 11, 1960 w. o. PACKER ETAL 3,001,299

HELICOPTER-DUAL TACHOMETER SYSTEM TRAINING DEVICE 7 Sheets-Sheet 7 no vnc I 2. v RECEIVER INDICATOR A P 3 Q 6 To 'mcn RECEIVE/a 40 10 2 9 To ROTOR BRAKE IO TO END. ALTITUDE sm H To ROTOR BRAKE 2 To STARTER REL/W (/10 VAC comma) 'ro GON'I'HCT ENGIME n 'ro FUEL SELECTOR VALVE SWITCH La 76 P T0 STARTER. BUTTON L;

RECEIVER INDICATOR.

-21V Dc I +24VDc II s Fqig

INVENTORS United ate Patent 3,001,299 HELICOPTER-DUAL TACHOMETER SYSTEM TRAINING DEVICE William 0. Packer, Silver Spring, Md., and Charles W. McKee, Buffalo, N.Y., assignors, by mesne assignm'ents, to the United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy Filed May 11, 1960, Ser. No. 28,503. 4 Claims. (CI. 3512) This invention relates to apparatus for training students in the operation of aircraft and is particularly directed to a ground based helicopter flight trainer which is designed to realistically simulate the controls and operations of a helicopter during flight. Helicopter simulators in use prior to the instant inven tion'were capable of simulating engine speed only. To achieve a more realistic simulation, it was necessary to indicate main rotor speed as well as engine speed. The

r ice control 14 and the collective pitch stick 16. The throttle is electrically connected to the engine tachometer follow up motor 18. The collective pitch control stick 16 is mechanically connected to both the underspeed effect cirdual tachometer simulation of the invention overcomes the deficiency of the prior art.

The principal object of the invention is to simulate the engine and rotor speeds of a helicopter in a ground based trainer to provide a realistic duplication of the sounds produced by an operational helicopter.

Another object of the invention is to simulate theefiects I i of normal and abnormal operating conditions on the englue and rotor speeds indications of a ground based helicopter trainer.

A further object of this invention is to provide simplified circuits for simulating the tachometer system of a helicopter. p I

It is a feature of the invention to simulate changes in rotor and engine speed which occurs due to the airload of the rotor system.

It is another feature to simulate the reaction of the engine when the load is clutched-in by reducing the engine r.p.m.

It Is yet another feature to simulate the engme will cause the engine and rotor to overspeed unless the by means of a cam controlled switch.

' It is another feature to simulateengine failure occurring on the ground whereby autorotation will not occur and the rotor coasts gradually to rest where the brake is applied.

It is yet another feature to synchronize the rotor and teletorque tachometer indications by causing the engine transmitter to drive the two indicators.

Other objects and many of the attendant advantages cuit 20 and the autorotation circuit 22, while the under speed efiect circuit 20 is electrically connected to the engine tachometer followup motor 18. This engine tachometer followup motor 18 is electrically connected to and controls the engine tachometer indicator 10, and is also electrically connected to the clutch-in arm 24. The clutch-in cam 24, the autorotation circuit .22 and the air speed effect autorotation circuit 26 are all electrically connected to the rotor tachometer followup motor 28. This rotor tachometer followup motor electrically c'ontrols. the rotor tachometer indicator 12.

The start circuit 30 comprises time delay circuits which simulate the actual starting circuit of a helicopter. The sequence of operation is as follows: The start circuit 30 causes the engine tachometer followup motor 18 to retachometer speed to 1200 r.p.m. At this point engagement of the rotor clutch is simulated by operation of the clutch-in cam circuit 24. This causes a cam 98 (see FIGURE 20) in the engine followup motor 18 to operate a switch 124 which disconnects the rotor input bridge from the circuit that held it at zero to be connected to and drive the rotor tachometer followup motor 28. The engine r.p.m. is reduced by this clutch-in, thereby simulating the reaction of the engine when the load is clutched in.

Because of the airload on the rotor system, an increase of rotor pitch from minimum to maximum will cause a loss of about 15 rotor r.p.m. and an equivalent loss of engine r.p.m. unless the throttle is advanced. Similarly, a decrease of rotor pitch from maximum to minimum throttle is retarded To simulate this behavior the underspeed effect circuit 20 has been inserted between the collective pitch stick 16 and engine tachometer followup U motor 18. This underspeed effect circuit 20 is controlled of this invention will be readily appreciated as the same a becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:

FIGURE 1 is a block diagrammatic viewshowing the I vided by dual tachometers on the .pilots instrument panel and the operators remote instrument case. The tachometer unit is located in the nose of the trainer mounted on top of the rudder support (not shown). The tachometer system can be adjusted with the panels in place in the trainer.

The engine tachometer indicator 10 and the by any change in the rotor pitch control, and controls the speed of the engine tachometer followup motor 18.

In order to accurately simulate the rotor and teletorque tachometer indications after clutch-in, and to prevent minor variations between the two caused by the two followup motors, the rotor tachometer is switched to the engine tachometer followup motor by synchronization circuit 32. Thus, as long as both tachometers are approximately equivalent, the engine tachometer followup motor drives the two indicators. If the ignition switch is cut or the throttle reduced to idle, the rotor indicator is automatically switched back to the engine tachometer followup motor.

If an engine failure occurs on the ground, autorotation does not occur and the rotor coasts gradually to rest. This condition is simulated by the undersp-eed effect cir cuit 20 and the autorotation circuit 22. When an engine failure on the ground is simulated, the engine followup motor it; stops and the rotor tachometer motor 23 coasts gradually to rest.

After takeoff, the autorotation circuits are placed in readiness. While engine operation is normal, the autorotation circuit has no effect. If the engine fails or volu n Patented Sept. 26, 19 61 tinues from the collective pitch. circuit 116, and. the air speedeifect autorotation circuit 26', until the engine rpm. is; synchronized with the rotor spin. At this point" the synchronizationv circuit '32 switches the rotor tachometerindicator 12 back to the engine tachometer followup motor18.

As. shown in FIGURE 2e, the indication of rotor and enginerrpm. are respectively operated by'dual. teletorques- 34 and 36. Eachteletorque comprises atransmitter and alreceiver which are electrically interconnected. The en gine teletorque 34 comprises transmitter 33 and receiver 40'. Engine tachometer indicator it is mechanically linked. to the teletorque receiver 4! Rotor tachometer indicator 12 is mechanically linked to the teletorque-rcceiver 44. The engine and rotor tachometer teletorque' transmitters 38 and 42' respectively are driven by separate servo systems, each such system comprising a micropositioner, twopotentiometers and an actuator.

The servo circuit is illustrated in FIGURE 3. Themi v cropositioner 46 is connected between the movable arms of the control potentiometer 48 and the followup potentiometer 50. The micropositioner is a direct current single coil voltage sensitive relay. Two permanent magnets are used forthe polarizing field. The corresponding resistive terminals of the control and followup potentiometers 43 andStl are connected in parallel. The control winding 52 ofshaded pole'motor 54 is operatively connected across the terminals of the micropositioner; The rotor of this motor 54 is mechanically coupled to the movable arm of the followup potentiometer 50' and to theindicator 56'. A plus and minus operating voltage 58' is connected to the respective ends of the parallel connected potentiometers 48 and d.

Iii-operation, the position of the control potentiometer 48 is controlled manually or externally. If the-control potentiometer 43 is at the same position as the followup potentiometer sit, there is no voltage across the coil of the micropositioner 4.6 and the armature assumes a neutral (open) position. if, however, the position of the control potentiometer 4 h is altered so that either a more positive or negative voltage is on the movable arm of the control potentiometer is than on the movable arm of the followup potentiometer 55?, the armature of the micropositioner will close in a direction corresponding tothe greater negative or positive voltage, thereby causing the rotor 54 of the followup motor to turn in a direction corresponding to the polarity of the greater voltage, thereby moving the'movable arm of followup potentiometer 50. to zero the voltage across the coil of the micropositioner 46;

Thus, it is seen that the micropositioner coil and the two; potentiometers form a bridge circuit with the two potentiometers Eil and '48 forming the four arms of the bridgeand. the .coii of themicropositioner 4s forming the crossarrn. Two separate bridge circuits of this type are used for the rotor and the engine simulation circuits. engine. indicator bridge circuit comprises, the engine followup motor 60, engine control micropositioner dl', engine followup potentiometer 64 and throttle control potentiometer 6'6. 7 comprises the rotor followup motor 68; the rotor control mi'cropositioner '7tl, the rotor followup potentiometer 72 and the control rotor potentiometer 73.

A rotor zero adjustment poteutiometcrS'fi which has its resistance terminals connected across the rotor transfer and" followup potentiometers 74 and 72 respectively, is

also contained in the rotor speed simulation circuit. Th movable arm of the rotor zero adjustment potentiometer is connected through contacts of ground altitude relay 78 and contacts of clutch-in relay 80 to the coil of rotor control micropositioner 7t The-movable arm of the rotor clutch-out potentiometer 82. is connected to. the coil of the clutch-out micropositioner' 814; The clutch-out micropositioner 84 is. connected to the-coiliof. clutch-out relay 86. Sensitivity adjustment potentiometer 88 which is connected across the coil of the clutch-out mic'ropositioner-s t is used to adjust the sensitivity of the clutch-out simulation speed point.

The rotor indicator bridge circuit The rotor clutch-out potentiometer 82, the rotor transfer potentiometer 74 and the. rotor followup potentiometer '72 are ganged together and mechanically coupled to the rotor-followup motor. The rotor control potentiometer 73, the engine transfer potentiometer 9t and the engine followup potentiometer are ganged together and mechani cally coupled to the engine followup motor Sill The engine transfer potentiometer 96 and the rotor transfer potentiomieter 74 are respectively connected to either'side of the clutch-in micropositioner coil 92. The clutch-in micropositioner 9'2 actuates a differential relay 94 through contacts of transfer relay 96. Differential relay 9141a therefore actuated for any difference betweenthe simulated rotor. and engine speeds.

Engine zeroadjustment potentiometer 10!! is connected to the engine controlimicropositioner 62 through contacts of. start circuit, pull-in. relay 1W2. This. engine zero adjustment relay l02 is used. to zero' the voltages applied to the engine control rnicropositioner 62 prior. to. energizing, the; start circuit. An idleradjustment potentiometer I104 is connected. in series with the throttle control potentiometer 66 for adjustment'of the simulated idling. speed. The under and over speed control potentiometer 106 is. connected to one. side of the engine zero adjustment potentiometer liltl in order to simulate under. and over. speed. conditions. Anv under. and over. speed adjustment-potentiometer 1% is connected. in sericswith the under and over speed control potentiometer ltlfi for fineadjustments. A. rotor revolutions-per-miuute duringautorotation-potentiorneter llfi-is connected to. the coil of the rotor controhmicropositioner 7h throughcontacts of the-ground altitude relay- 78 and the clutct'n-in relay 80. An air-speed. effect on rotor. revolutious-persminute p0.- tentiometer 112, is connected in series with the: rotorrevolutions-pen-minute during autorotation.potentiometer 11%. Aline. adjustment. potentiometer 114 is. connected all! parallel with the air.speedeffectonrotor revolutiohsperminutepotentiometer 112.

Thev under and over speed controlpotentiometer 1M andthe rotor revolutionsaper-minute during autorotation potentiometer; 1103 areganged together and. mechanically linked to the collectivepitch control 11.6- of the" trainer. The throttle control 118 of; the. trainer controls the throttle control. potentiometer 66. An. enginedrop adjustment at clutch-in potentiometer 1:19 is provided to adjustthes simulated. ewine speed indication: When'the rotor is clutched in.

A. rotor. brakereffect adjustmentpotentiometer. 12! is provided. to place: resistance: in the-rotor revolutions-perminutecircuitto simulate rotor. braking, Asoundsimulator whiclr-iscontrolled by variac.122-:simulatesthesmotor noise in; direct; proportion: to. the: simulated motor speed. The sound simulator: variac. is: mechanically I linked: to 1 the engine followup. motor 60;

Thertablelon the following page gives theinterconnectionstrfor energized and .de-energized'positions (if-the relays:

RELAY ARM 1 ARM 2 ARM 3 ARM 4 Name Attitude From To From To From To From To De ener Motor N.C Coll of Arm 1 of Rotor Fol- N.C. -24 VDC.-. Engine Folgized. Speed Rotor Groundlowup lowup Po- Switch Control K Altitude Motor tentiome- (98). Micropo- I Relay (68). ter (64) sCiZt.i)oner (78). Energized.-- Same as Coil of Re- Same as Variable Same as Rotor Same as N .0

above. lay (80) above Arm of above. Brake above. and Arm gotor 1 :Egectt I on re 11.18 gg Relay Ground- Potentiment Po- Altitude ometer tentiome- Relay (73). ter (120). (78) and De-energlzed Arm 2 of Difieren- Relay De-ener- Close at Arms 1 and 110 VAC Close at 900 Energized N.C.

gized. 1200 r.p.m. 2 of Dif- Common. r.p.m. Contact 3 Switch ferential Switch of Differ- (124). Relay 94 (126). ential Reand Delay (94). energized Contact Clutch-out Relay 22 (86% Altitude Relay (78). Energized--. Same as N.C Same as N.C Same as Coll of above. above. above. Clutchout Relay l I (so). De-ener- De-ener- Rotor Zero 110 VAC Arm 2 of Rotor .C.

gized. gized Adjust- Common Difieren- Brake Contact 2 ment Pofrom Detlal Relay Effect of Clutohtentiomeenergized (94). Adjustin Relay ter (76). Contact 2 ment Po- I (80). of Difiertentiomeential Reter (120).

' lay (94). v Energized..- Sarfie es Rotor sarlnge as N.C Seine as TcigRcfgzoi Gmund A1mude a ove. r.p.m. a ove. a ove. re e area. rest.

tation. ment Potentlometer (120) and Engine Follow-up lsggitor De-ener- Arm 2 of Coll of Arm 1 of Arm 2 of Ann 2 of N.C.

gized. same Re- Transfer same Re- Ground- Clutchlay (94) Relay lay (94) Altitude out Relay and De (96). and De- Relay (86) and. energized energized (78) and Clutch- Contact 1 Contact 2 coil of out Miof Clutchof Ground- Clutch-in ore-posiout Relay Altitude Relay tioner Diflerentlal Re- 6). Relay (80). (84) and lay (94). (78). Clutch-in Positioner Energized-.- Same as N .C Same as Same as Arm 3 of above above. above Clutch ((1%) Relay De-ener- N.C N.C.. N.C N.C Engine Engine Zero gized. Control Adjust- Micro-poment Positioner tentiome- (62). ter (100). Energlzed- N.C N.C N.C N.C Same as Throttle above Control Potenti- Start Circuit Reometer lay (102). (66) and Clutchout Sensitivity Adjustment Potentioggieter De-ener- Clutch-in Coll of Dif- Tachometer Rotor Tele- Tachometer Rotor Tele- +24 VDC... Under and gized. Micro-poferential Receivers torque Receivers torque Over sltioner Relay (40) and. Trans- (40) and Trans- Speed Ad- (92) (94) (44) mitter (44) mltter justment (42). (42). Potenti- Transfer Relay ometer (96). (108). i Energized.-. Same as N.C Same as Rotor Tele- Same as Rotor Tele- Same as NO.

above. above. torque above. torque above.

Receiver Receiver (38). (38).

N.C.=No Connection.

In order to simplify the following description of the circuit, the control side of the bridge circuit will be referred to as the throttle side and the follow-up side of the bridge circuit will be referred to as the tachometer side. The simulated ignition switch is held closed for atleast five seconds. This connects through a time delay relay a small fixed resistance in series with the throttle sideof the engine bridge circuit. This causes the engine followup motor to revolve, moving the engine tachometer transmitter 38, the engine or input side of the rotor servo bridge (at present disconnected), and the engine followup potentiometer wiper 64 until the bridge is again balanced. At this point the engine tachometer indicator 10 will read 800, the correct idling r.p.m. A further increase in the throttle setting 118, will cause the r.p.m. to increase to about 1,200 r.p.m. At this point the rotor clutch engages. To simulate this, a cam 124 on the engine follow-up motor operates a switch which disconnects the rotor input bridge from the circuit which held it at zero rpm. and connects it to the potentiometer driven by the engine follow-up motor. Cam. 9 8 willlclose contacts 126 above a simulated speediof 900 rpm. thereby applying voltage to the. coil of clutch-in relay 80 to keep this relay latched at speeds above 900 r.p.m.

After the rotor input bridge has been switched to the potentiometer 73 driven by the engine follow-up motor as, the rotor follow-up motor drives the rotor tachometer 42., the rotor clutch-out potentiometer 82, the rotor transfer potentiometer "l4 and the rotor follow-up potentiometer 72;. The rotor follow-up motor 68 will. continue to operate until the rotor bridge is balanced Because of the air load on the rotor system an increase in rotor pitch from minimum to maximum causes a loss of about 15 rotor r.p.m. and an equivalent loss of engine r.p.m. unless the throttle is advanced. Similarly the decrease of rotor pitch from maximum to. minimum causes the engine rotor to overspeed unless the throttle is retarded. To simulate this behavior another potentiometer has been added in series to the throttle side of: the engine tachometer bridge. This potentiometer which is the rotor under and over speed control potentiometer 106, is controlled by the rotor pitch control (collective pitch stick) 116. Any change in rotor pitch control causes a change of electrical potential on the wiper of the throttle potentiometer. of the engine bridge. 'In order to simulate accurately the rotor and teletorque tachometer indications after clutch-in and to prevent minor'variations between the two caused by the two follow-up motors,- the rotor tachometer receiver 44 is switched from the rotor tachometer transmitter 42 to the engine; transmitter 38. Thus, as long as both tachometers are approximately equivalent in speed, the engine tachometer transmitter drives the two indicators. If the ignition switch is turned off or the throttle 116 is reduced to idle, therotor indicator 12 is automatically switched back' to' the rotor trans mitter. To accomplish this simulation two teletorques are used, on driven by the engine follow-up motor 60 and one by the rotor follow-up motor 68. The engine and rotor follow-up motors respectively drive engine and rotor transfer potentiometers- 90 and 74. The wipers on these potentiometers are attached to each side of a clutch-in micro-positioner 92. When the voltage betweenthe two is zero and the micropositioner is open the rotor indicator is switched to the transmitter teletorque. If the r.p.m.s differ, the voltage difference causes one side of the micropositioner to close and the motor indicator is:

switched back to the rotor tachometer transmitter.-

If. an engine failure occurs on the ground, autorotationdoes not occur and the rotor. coasts gradually to. rest where the brake is applied. To simulate this condition the idle and collective pitch (overspeed-underspeed). control 1-1-6 and-potentiometer 106 areremoved-from thecircuit and the ignition switch shorts out the throttle potentiometers 66 causing the engine rpm. to return to zero. Resistance 120' is placed in' series with the rotor follow-up motor causing the rotor r.p.m. to decrease more slowly than normal. brake switch shorts out the resistance 120 causing the rotor rpm. to decrease normally to Zero. After the engine failure when the switch is placed in a normal position, the simulation circuit is ready for a normal start.

After takeofi, a ground altitude relay 78 closes, placing the autorotation circuit in readiness. While the engine is in normal operation the autorotation, circuit is kept open and has no effect. If the engine fails or voluntarily autorotatio-n is desired, the engine r.p.m. will drop to zero or idle, thereby declutching the rotor. When this occurs, the input or engine side of the rotor tachometer bridge is opened. The input side of the rotor bridge is then controlled by two potentiometers in series. One controlled by the rotor pitch control 116 and called the rotor rpm. during autorotation potentiometer 1'10, and the other being the air speed effect on' the rotor r.p.m. potentiometer 112'. On. landing the ground altitude: relay 78 opens and the normal engine shutdown or failure on this ground sequence is followed. If the engine is restarted during autorotation, the rotor tachometer input continues from the collective pitch control 116 and air speed potentiome: te-r 5112' until the engine rpm; is synchronized with the rotor rpm. At this point thesynchronization circuit described above switches the-rotor tachometer back to the engine rpm. transmitter.

Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended'claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.

What is claimed is:

1, A system on a ground-based trainer for presenting a visual indication of a shaft position comprising-- a manually operated shaft, a first potentiometer, a second poten'tia ometer, connected in parallel with said first potentiometer to form a bridge circuit, control voltages connected across the resistive portions of said potentiometers, a micropositioner connecting the movable contacts of said potentiometers, said shaft being operatively connected to the movalble contact of said first potentiometer, a follow-up motor operatively connected to the movable contact of said second potentiometer, driving voltages connected to said follow-up motor, said micr'opositioner being connected to the follow-up motor to drive said motor to a position whereby the movable contact of said second potentiometer is in accordance with the'position of said shaft and said first potentiometer, and said follow-up motor being operatively coupled to avisual indicator;

2. A dual tachometer indicator simulation system comprising, a time delay relay, an ignition switch series coupled to said relay, a first potentiometer, a second potentiometer in parallel with said first potentiometer to form a first bridge circuit, a first micropositioner connecting the movable contacts of said potentiometers, a fixed impedance interposed between said time delay relay and said first potentiometer, a first motor fed by said first micropositioner and coupled to said second potentiometer, a first tachometer coupled to said first motor, a third potentiometer coupled to said time delay relay, a fourth potentiometer in parallel with said third potentiometer to form a second bridge circuit, a second micropositioner connecting themovable contacts of said third and fourth otentiometers, a second control fed by said second micropcsitioner, a second tachometer coupled to said second motor, impedance means coupled to said second motor, shaft means coupled to said first and third mentioned otentiometers, control means connected to said second and.fourthpotentiometers, control .voltages. connected across the resistor portions of-saidpotentiometers,

If the rotor brake is applied, the- 9 10 and said driving voltages operatively connected to said and fail-safe simulation means operatively connected to motors and tachometers, said tachometers being operasaid first and second bridge circuits. tively coupled to a visual indicator, and sound simulation means operatively connected to said first motor. f r n s Cit d in the file Of this patent 3. The structure of claim 2 and over and under speed 5 UNITED STATES PATENTS simulation means operatively connected to said first bridge circuit. 2,304,264 Stern Aug. 27, 1957 4. The structure of claim 3 and synchronization mean 2,885,792 emstreet May 12, 1959 

